The country was in a perpetual state of emergency and Henrys subjects were scared and resentful. I would read more by this author. Why was Henry VII called the Winter King? Interesting look at the founder of the Tudor dynesty. In many ways, it highlights that Henry VIII was a feckless inheritor of the tools of Machiavellian power, but had no idea to what productive end to put them. [a] Henry's mother, Margaret Beaufort, was a descendant of the Lancastrian branch of the House of Plantagenet. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The usurpation of Richard III (1483), however, split the Yorkist party and gave Henry his opportunity. He had finished his palace of Richmond, he was controlling his allies and keeping an eye on his enemies, and now was the time to finalise the marriage agreement between England and Spain. Henry himself was clearly a distant figure who governed through his ministers, but this means that it's quite hard to get much of a sense of his character from the few sources available. Luther made a protest against the Catholic practice of Indulgences. In the late 20th century a model of European state formation was prominent in which Henry less resembles Louis and Ferdinand. Henry marries Catherine of Aragon. I'm not giving this a star rating because I suspect it's me at fault not the book. The Lancastrian Henry and his Yorkist wife Elizabeth strove to reconcile the factions, but unreconciled Yorkists, to whom he was no more than a usurper, harassed his reign. Through this, he found that his Lord Chamberlain, Sir William Stanley, was involved in the plot. [30] Before departing for London, Henry sent Robert Willoughby to Sheriff Hutton in Yorkshire, to arrest Warwick and take him to the Tower of London. Historians debate the extent of Henry's rapacity. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Henry-VII-king-of-England, Spartacus Educational - Biography of Henry VII, English Monarchs - Biography of Henry VII, Henry VII - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Henry VII - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). For me, history is alive and energizing - not something static and remote. Henry VII (28 January 1457 21 April 1509) was King of England from his seizure of the crown on 22 August 1485 until his death in 1509. 4. I was disappointed by this it was decent but I think it was somewhat overhyped. No. Early life Iain Hollingshead reviews Henry VII: Winter King, a BBC Two documentary which examines how the first Tudor monarch came to power and went on to have a 23-year reign. For many he remained a usurper, a false king. [citation needed] Nonetheless, by 1483 Henry was the senior male Lancastrian claimant remaining after the deaths in battle, by murder or execution of Henry VI (son of Henry V and Catherine of Valois), his son Edward of Westminster, Prince of Wales, and the other Beaufort line of descent through Lady Margaret's uncle, Edmund Beaufort, 2nd Duke of Somerset. Effectively an orphan, he had spent wretched years as a fugitive in Brittany. When he met Richard III at Bosworth Field, Henry found that his army of dissidents and mercenaries was completely outnumbered. Shakespeare later turned to Henry's son and successor Henry VIII, whose rule brought marital sensation, renaissance spectacle and the reformation. And yet this time removed was summer's time, The teeming autumn, big with rich increase, Bearing the wanton burden of the prime, Like widow'd wombs after their lords . The treaty marks a shift from neutrality over the French invasion of Brittany to active intervention against it. Claiming to be Edward, earl of Warwick, the son of Richard IIIs elder brother, George, duke of Clarence, he had the formidable support of John de la Pole, earl of Lincoln, Richard IIIs heir designate, of many Irish chieftains, and of 2,000 German mercenaries paid for by Margaret of Burgundy. Fittingly he dressed in expensive black. By subscribing you confirm that you have read and agree to the Privacy Policy [opens in new window] and the Terms & Conditions [opens in new window]. He also enacted laws against livery and maintenance, the great lords' practice of having large numbers of "retainers" who wore their lord's badge or uniform and formed a potential private army. [2] His father died three months before his birth. He cemented his claim by marrying Elizabeth of York, daughter of King Edward IV. [11] When Edward IV became King in 1461, Jasper Tudor went into exile abroad. Then in 1491 appeared a still more serious menace: Perkin Warbeck, coached by Margaret to impersonate Richard, the younger son of Edward IV. The last few years of his reign were ones of repression. Otherwise, at the time of his father's arranging of the marriage to Catherine of Aragon, the future Henry VIII was too young to contract the marriage according to Canon Law and would be ineligible until age fourteen. [17] Now supported by Francis II's prime minister, Pierre Landais, Richard III attempted to extradite Henry from Brittany, but Henry escaped to France. Scapegoats were needed for Henry VIIs reign, people to blame for the old regime, so Edmund Dudley was imprisoned and executed on trumped up charges. However, with the help of the forces of his step-father, Lord Stanley, he defeated Richard and Richard was killed on the battlefield. Based on the terms of the accord, Henry sent 6000 troops to fight (at the expense of Brittany) under the command of Lord Daubeney. Penn's picture of a reign of terror carries disturbing echoes of the Roman historian Tacitus's account of the emperor Tiberius, another ruler whose abridgements of liberty followed an era of civil strife. Henry responded to this threat by embedding spies into households. He died shortly afterwards in Carmarthen Castle. : (April 25, 1883. Henry VII The Winter King is also the title of a book by Thomas Penn, and a useful read. [41] Henry also increased wealth by acquiring land through the act of resumption of 1486 which had been delayed as he focused on defence of the Church, his person and his realm. But Henry had a crucial asset: his queen and their children, the living embodiment of his hoped-for dynasty. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. People saw him as being like a traditional king and hoped that his reign would bring positive change. In 1622 Francis Bacon published his History of the Reign of King Henry VII. Stephens, "affords some illustrations of the avaricious and parsimonious character of the king". He was, said Penn, a man who never knew a moments peace during his reign. To say the least, Winter King: Henry VII and the Dawn of Tudor England is quite an interesting read. However, as France was becoming more concerned with the Italian Wars, the French were happy to agree to the Treaty of Etaples. I thought the book was well written, even though a bit dry is spots. Its goals, relentlessly pursued until Henry's death in 1509, were the establishment of a royal house, the elimination of opposition, and the steady accumulation of power and wealth. He entertained thoughts of remarriage to renew the alliance with Spain Joanna, Dowager Queen of Naples (a niece of Queen Isabella of Castile), Queen Joanna of Castile, and Margaret, Dowager Duchess of Savoy (sister-in-law of Joanna of Castile), were all considered. Penn notes something else about the paeans on the son's accession: later in the Tudor period, apologists for the regime would remember Henry VII as the restorer of national peace and unity, but in 1509 it was the king's death, not his rule, that was held to have ended a long era of dark instability. Thus, Henry Tudor had no choice but to gather together an army including mercenary soldiers as well as his own supporters, and he landed in Wales in August, 1485. Henry attained the throne when his forces defeated King Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field, the culmination of the Wars of the Roses. This was excellent. We know that Henry attended the wedding celebrations of Arthur and his bride . I couldn't even stay awake reading this. [28], Henry had Parliament repeal Titulus Regius, the statute that declared Edward IV's marriage invalid and his children illegitimate, thus legitimising his wife. The portly Henry VIII, and the ill-fated destinies of most of his six wives, is one of the first historical figures primary-aged pupils are aware of.. Stanley was accused of supporting Warbeck's cause, arrested and later executed. He created the Tudor dynasty. Henry reigned for nearly 24 years and was peacefully succeeded by his son, Henry VIII. [48], Henry later concluded a treaty with France at Etaples that brought money into the coffers of England, and ensured the French would not support pretenders to the English throne, such as Perkin Warbeck. [citation needed], Henry honoured his pledge of December 1483 to marry Elizabeth of York and the wedding took place in 1486 at Westminster Abbey. [65] Henry VII was shattered by the loss of Elizabeth, and her death impacted him severely. But that's not really what I wanted from a book about Henry VII. Henry responded to this threat by embedding spies into households. [50] Henry had pressured the French by laying siege to Boulogne in October 1492. When he died, his only surviving son, Henry VIII, succeeded him without a breath of opposition. Henry VII is known for successfully ending the War of the Roses between the houses of Lancaster and York and for founding the Tudor dynasty. Why did the nobility accept the curtailment of the military power it had wielded in the wars of the roses and swallow the elevation of upstarts at Henry's court? He spent most of the next 14 years under the protection of Francis II, Duke of Brittany. He passed laws against "livery" (the upper classes' flaunting of their adherents by giving them badges and emblems) and "maintenance" (the keeping of too many male "servants"). Henry was a remarkable man. For inheriting an unstable throne, holding it for 25 year and leaving England relatively stable, Henry VII deserves his own biography and a lot more credit. Wales was historically a Lancastrian stronghold, and Henry owed the support he gathered to his Welsh birth and ancestry, being agnatically descended from Rhys ap Gruffydd. [40], Henry VII improved tax collection in the realm by introducing ruthlessly efficient mechanisms of taxation. The new prince was the embodiment of the red and white rose, he was the Tudor rose incarnate. His early reign was plagued by pretenders to the throne, giving the new Tudor dynasty a rocky start and a fear of conspiracy which dogged Henry VII throughout his life. [13] When Warwick restored Henry VI in 1470, Jasper Tudor returned from exile and brought Henry to court. The baby died and Elizabeth, herself, died on 11th February 1503, her 37th birthday. His claim to the throne was tenuous and permanently contested. [76] He was succeeded by his second son, Henry VIII (reigned 150947), who would initiate the Protestant Reformation in England. 7.1 59min 2013 16+. In 1497 Warbeck landed in Cornwall with a few thousand troops, but was soon captured and executed. A man who rewrote history and rebuilt the crown, but who was paranoid, manipulative and suspicious; a dark prince with a wintery reign. He stabilised the government's finances by introducing several new taxes. He invited artists, musicians and scholars to live at his court. Seriously, got nudged by my partner when I'd nodded off. More wrote that this King is loved and compared Henrys accession to the coming of a new season, a new spring following a winter of repression. The Merchant Adventurers, the company which enjoyed the monopoly of the Flemish wool trade, relocated from Antwerp to Calais. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. It took Henry, who in any case needed to marry her if the expected issue was to solve the succession problem, some six years to achieve their joint purpose. By this marriage, Henry VII hoped to break the Auld Alliance between Scotland and France. Hidden under the floor in St George's Chapel in Windsor, England where thousands of people walk every day, a forgotten tomb lies. Backdating Henry's Reign. Next month find out more on someone known as The Winter Queen! Henry VIII was spring and Henry VII was winter. The rebellion began in Ireland, where the historically Yorkist nobility, headed by the powerful Gerald FitzGerald, 8th Earl of Kildare, proclaimed Simnel king and provided troops for his invasion of England. In 1621 Francis Bacon's history of the reign called Henry "a dark prince, and infinitely suspicious". Claiming the throne by just title of inheritance and by the judgment of God in battle, he was crowned on October 30 and secured parliamentary recognition of his title early in November. Elizabeth of York (11 February 1466 11 February 1503) was Queen of England from her marriage to King Henry VII on 18 January 1486 until her death. The Great Debasement (1544-1551) was a currency debasement policy introduced in 1544 England under the order of Henry VIII which saw the amount of precious metal in gold and silver coins reduced and in some cases replaced entirely with cheaper base metals such as copper. [49] The confused, fractious nature of Breton politics undermined his efforts, which finally failed after three sizeable expeditions, at a cost of 24,000. Not only was . Alison Weir points out that the Rennes ceremony, two years earlier, was plausible only if Henry and his supporters were certain that the Princes were already dead. Their powers and numbers steadily increased during the time of the Tudors, never more so than under Henry's reign. It is a sobering reflection for professional historians that the apparently unpromising territory of Henry's reign has recently produced two memorable books, both of them written outside their ranks: this one, and Ann Wroe's biography of the pretender, Perkin (2003), a longer work on a shorter subject. Penn graphically describes a huge financial racket run by the king and his profiteering advisers. To unite the opponents of Richard III, Henry had promised to marry Elizabeth of York, eldest daughter of Edward IV; and the coalition of Yorkists and Lancastrians continued, helped by French support, since Richard III talked of invading France. [45], Henry VII established the pound avoirdupois as a standard of weight; it later became part of the Imperial[46] and customary systems of units. He made huge gobs of money binding his subjects to him with loyalty bonds. His claim to the throne was precarious and was from an illegitimate line, a family who had been banned from taking the throne, so Henry needed to make the people believe that he was their rightful King and to do that he had to start behaving like one. Until the death of his wife, the evidence is clear from these accounting books that Henry was a more doting father and husband than was widely known and there is evidence that his outwardly austere personality belied a devotion to his family. [7] He came from an old, established Anglesey family that claimed descent from Cadwaladr, in legend, the last ancient British king,[8] and on occasion Henry displayed the red dragon of Cadwaladr. Indeed he was born in winter, on January 28th 1457, in Pembroke Castle, in Wales and that is one of the reasons why the Welsh dragon always formed part of his insignia. Henry VII was the King of England and Lord of Ireland from his seizure of the crown on 22 August 1485 to his death. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. He explained how Henry VII had achieved what he set out to do, he had passed on the crown successfully. On the debit side, he may have looked a little delicate as he suffered from poor health. He was supported in this effort by his chancellor, Archbishop John Morton, whose "Morton's Fork" was a catch-22 method of ensuring that nobles paid increased taxes: those nobles who spent little must have saved much, and thus could afford the increased taxes; in contrast, those nobles who spent much obviously had the means to pay the increased taxes. (HIST003) Persecutions, Populations and Politics: Early Modern Britain 1550-1750, (HIST004) Country, Colonies and Culture: Early Modern Britain 1550-1750, (HIST006) The Stuart Court: History Politics and Culture, (HIST010) The Tudors: History, Culture and Religion, (HIST011) The English Country House: History, Architecture and Landscape, (HIST018) The Changing English Countryside, 20th Century Musicals: A Celebration of Song and Dance on the Silver Screen and the Stage. Richard III's death at Bosworth Field effectively ended the Wars of the Roses. Some of it is due to his personality--he played his cards close to the vest, unlike his son--and some of it is due to Tudor spin--they were, after all trying to bolster up the royal credentials for a man who didn't have that many. They did as much to endanger his throne as to secure it. Lincoln was killed in battle and Henry was victorious. Reasonably interesting overview of the reign of Henry VII of England. I picked this audiobook up because it was narrated by Simon Vance. Sometimes, Penn explained, charges against people were fabricated so that they would have to pay a fine, for example, a man who was charged with murdering a child and who was found guilty because the jury was rigged. Philip had been shipwrecked on the English coast, and while Henry's guest, was bullied into an agreement so favourable to England at the expense of the Netherlands that it was dubbed the Malus Intercursus ("evil agreement"). The union was both symbolic and necessary. Thomas Penns Winter King in a brilliant mash-up of gothic horror and political biography. When the Lancastrian cause crashed to disaster at the Battle of Tewkesbury (May 1471), Jasper took the boy out of the country and sought refuge in the duchy of Brittany. Yet in the hands of a narrator as accomplished as Penn, the reign acquires its own, troubling fascination. The King was heavily guarded. [19] He marched toward England accompanied by his uncle Jasper and John de Vere, 13th Earl of Oxford. During Henry's early years, his uncle Henry VI was fighting against Edward IV, a member of the Yorkist Plantagenet branch. Penn showed a genealogical roll that had belonged to the de la Pole family which showed Henry VI being the end of the Lancastrian line and the Yorkist line continuing on to Richard III. It was no easy feat. Henry VII declared himself king by just title of inheritance and by the judgment of God in battle, after slaying Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. He rewrote history by backdating his reign to 21st August 1485, the day before the Battle of Bosworth Field. When Richard III became King, Henrys strategy, planned by Margaret Beaufort, the mother whom he had not seen for years, was to declare in public, in Brittanys Rennes Cathedral, that he would marry Edward IVs daughter Elizabeth, then in sanctuary with her mother, and thus bury the enmity between Lancaster and York by making her his queen. Get help and learn more about the design. [26] Henry married Elizabeth of York with the hope of uniting the Yorkist and Lancastrian sides of the Plantagenet dynastic disputes, and he was largely successful. His father, Henry VII, was a cold, calculating man (he wasn't called "the Winter King" for nothing), a greedy monarch who during his last years on the throne had squeezed every last drop. His claim to the throne was precarious and he wanted to portray Richard . If he trusted anyone, it would be his queen and why not, since both had so much in common both being familiar with being in sanctuary, and pawns in the game of power? Henry Tudors claim to the throne was, therefore, weak and of no importance until the deaths in 1471 of Henry VIs only son, Edward, of his own two remaining kinsmen of the Beaufort line, and of Henry VI himself, which suddenly made Henry Tudor the sole surviving male with any ancestral claim to the house of Lancaster. [35] In 1499, Henry had the Earl of Warwick executed. There were too many powerful noblemen and, as a consequence of the system of so-called bastard feudalism, each had what amounted to private armies of indentured retainers (mercenaries masquerading as servants). He attained the throne when his forces, supported by France, Scotland, and Wales, defeated Edward IV's brother Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field, the culmination of the Wars of the Roses.
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