Mardi Gras is not exclusive to Black Creoles, but in both urban and rural instances they are occasions utilized to express Creole style and social boundaries through traditional public performances. https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/black-creoles-louisiana, "Black Creoles of Louisiana [80] A French Creole Heritage day has been held annually in Avoyelles Parish on Bastille Day since 2012. The "them" is your family, but your momma's the most important. They rejected the Americans' effort to transform them overnight. Amans, Jacques Guillaume Lucien (Artist) T he term "Creole" has long generated confusion and controversy. As of 2013, the parish was once again recognized by the March 2013 Regular Session of the Louisiana Legislature as part of the Creole Parishes, with the passage of SR No. As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases. These buildings were designed by French architects, as there were no Spanish architects in Louisiana. Carson City, Nevada, is a gorgeous town filled with natural beauty, history, museums, parks, and recreation. Solomon - (English origin) The surname Solomon means peaceful. Hamburg: Helmut Buske Verlag. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. [14], During this time, to increase the colonial population, the government also recruited young Frenchwomen, known as filles la cassette (in English, casket girls, referring to the casket or case of belongings they brought with them) to go to the colony to be wed to colonial soldiers. Cajun musicians also use the fiddle and steel guitar more often than do those playing Zydeco. Indianapolis has a lot to offer for young black professionals, singles, and black families. It is often considered the Creole music of Louisiana. Many of their historic plantations still exist. "[69] In the 1850s, white Francophones remained an intact and vibrant community; they maintained instruction in French in two of the city's four school districts. It is also posible for a family name to become extinct when all descendants of the original family bearing that name die out or if the surname is not passed down from generation to generation. The word derives from the Latin creare (to create) and entered French via Portuguese crioulo in the slave/plantation sphere of West Africa and the tropical New World. The Creole "homeland" is semitropical French Louisiana in the southern part of the state along the Gulf of Mexico. Hebert is quite a popular first name too. In some areas candlelit ceremonies are held. Others went with Washington, Williams, Brown or Johnson surnames typical before enslavement that remain ubiquitous today. Marriage within the Catholic church usually takes place during the partners' teens and early twenties. Some Americans were reportedly shocked by aspects of the culture and French-speaking society of the newly acquired territory: the predominance of the French language and Roman Catholicism, the free class of Creoles of color and the strong African traditions of slaves. Anouilh. [52], Among the practices Drake directed was having her workers check obituaries. Muslim traders and interpreters often used Bambara to indicate Non-Muslim captives. While the American Civil War promised rights and opportunities for slaves, many Creoles of color who had long been free before the war worried about losing their identity and position. Inability to find labor was the most pressing issue in Louisiana. In New Orleans there is a tradition of Creole plaster work, wrought iron, and carpentry. Here are the best Boston neighborhoods to live in. "French in South Louisiana: towards language loss. Indeed, the majority of St. Dominican refugees who made a mark on 19th century Louisiana and Louisiana Creole culture came from the lower classes of Saint-Domingue, such as Louis Moreau Gottschalk's and Rodolphe Desdunes' family.[25]. Some Creoles inherited extensive family holdings that date to antebellum days. Some Creoles, such as the ex-Confederate general Pierre Gustave Toutant-Beauregard, advocated against racism, and became proponents of black civil rights and black suffrage, involving themselves in the creation of the Louisiana Unification Movement that called for equal rights for blacks, denounced discrimination, and opposed segregation.[48][49]. In the American South, slavery provided a racialized lens through which people with any African descent were considered lower in status than whites, effectively erasing the long-established triracial distinction in Louisiana between whites, blacks, and Creoles of color.[3]. In present Louisiana, Creole generally means a person or people of mixed colonial French, African American and Native American ancestry. Senegalese [54], In the wake of the "Cajun Renaissance" of the 1960s and 1970s, the (often racialized) Creole identity has traditionally received less attention than its Cajun counterpart. One hopes [Latins], and the other doubts [Anglos]. Concurrently, the number of white-identified Creoles has dwindled, with many adopting the Cajun label instead. Louisianaise f Louisiana Creole (Rare, Archaic) Derived from French louisianaise "female Louisianian". The last name Jackson definitely isnt as popular as the other names weve previously mentioned. You probably know tons of Jacksons and even more Johnsons. It has colonial French roots. With a 6.3% increase in the last name, there 375,576 Jacksons identified in 2010. Theres Melanie B(rown) from Spice Girls and Bobby Brown. Creoles generally are not at the top of regional power structures, though they do serve on police juries and school boards and as mayors and in the Louisiana state house. The French & Indian alliance proved invaluable during the later French and Indian War against the New England colonies in 1753.[17]. Home altars with saints, statues, and holy water are widely used. While its an important talk to have, it can be difficult to know what you should and shouldnt say. 2 . Sterkx, Herbert E. (1972). Login Forgot . In the final week of Carnival, many events large and small occur throughout New Orleans and surrounding communities. In official rhetoric, the Native Americans were regarded as subjects of the Viceroyalty of New France, but in reality, they were largely autonomous due to their numerical superiority. Smith - You've got to have heard of Smith. Most of these immigrants were Catholic. Among those eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Louisiana Creoles with African ancestry, a higher percentage than in the rest of the American South was freed from slavery in Louisiana, owing in part to French and Spanish attitudes toward acknowledgment of social and biological mingling. [3] Some white Creoles, heavily influenced by white American society, increasingly claimed that the term Creole applied to whites only. Gayle (English origin) means "fathers joy" derived from the name Abigail. French, Cajun, Creole, Houma: A Primer on Francophone Louisiana by Carl A. Brasseaux Louisiana State University Press, 2005. Table of Contents. In addition, upper-class French Creoles thought that many of the arriving Americans were uncouth, especially the rough Kentucky boatmen (Kaintucks) who regularly visited the city, having maneuvered flatboats down the Mississippi River filled with goods for market. If youre not African, its easy to think that the same last name isnt common. [15] Such events inspired Manon Lescaut (1731), a novel written by the Abb Prvost, which was later adapted as an opera in the 19th century. There are many Creole communities within Natchitoches Parish, including Natchitoches, Cloutierville, Derry, Gorum and Natchez. In towns and New Orleans, many Creoles have worked as artisans and craftspeople. The Creoles of color often married among themselves to maintain their class and social culture.[5]. According to Virginia R. Domnguez: Charles Gayarr and Alce Fortier led the outspoken though desperate defense of the Creole. Black Creole culture in southern Louisiana derives from contact and synthesis in the region over nearly three centuries between African slaves, French and Spanish colonists, gens libres de couleur (free people of color), Cajuns, and Indians, among others. The byword "African-American" was just adopted by our ppl in the 1980s due to the counsel of our so-called black "leaders" a Jesse Jackson. 30 which was written by Louisiana French Creole scholar, educator and author, John laFleur II. Linguistic Affiliation. They often became domestics, cooks, wig makers, and coachmen. The term creole was originally used by French settlers to distinguish persons born in Louisiana from those born in the mother country or elsewhere. Early Louisiana census reports used racial terms like multre and fmc (free man of color) to indicate Black Creoles, but modern population studies do not specifically identify Black Creoles. Santiago, Sarasses, Scarasse, Sepion, Soule, Soulie, Tiocou, Tio, Tisono, Totin, Toutant, Trudeau, Valdez, Vaugine, Venus, Vidal, Villemont, Villere, Vivant, Voisin, Viltz/Wiltz. Amede is a female French-inspired name that remains popular among Creoles. without reference to race), and some English-language organizations like the Historic New Orleans Collection have published articles questioning the racialized Cajun-Creole dichotomy of the mid-twentieth century. Still another class of Creole originates with the placage system in which white and creole men took on mixed-race mistresses in a lifelong arrangement, even if the men were married or married later. There was a 36,579 increase in the last name over a 10 year period pulling the entire population to a total of 1.4 million people. American fears were eventually confirmed; in 1805, Grandjean, a white St. Dominican, and his Dominican Creole accomplices attempted to incite a slave rebellion aimed at overthrowing the American government in Louisiana. They were overwhelmingly Catholic, spoke Colonial French (although some also spoke Louisiana Creole), and maintained French social customs, modified by other parts of their ancestry and Louisiana culture. The Creole family name was found in the USA between 1880 and 1920. The term Crole was originally used by the Louisiana French to distinguish people born in Louisiana from those born elsewhere, thus drawing a distinction between Old-World Europeans and Africans from their Creole descendants born in the New World. These and many other songs were sung by slaves on plantations, especially in St. Charles Parish, and when they gathered on Sundays at Congo Square in New Orleans. In addition, social advancement and community support and expressive recreation is organized through associations such as Mardi Gras crews, Knights of Peter Klaver (Black Catholic men's society), burial societies, and, particularly in New Orleans, social aide and pleasure clubs. In New Orleans, the festival draws large numbers of tourists and has a public focus on elite parades. As in many other colonial societies around . Among the Spanish Creole people highlights, between their varied traditional folklore, the Canarian Dcimas, romances, ballads and pan-Hispanic songs date back many years, even to the Medieval Age. [62][63][64][65][66], Tulane University's Department of French and Italian website prominently declares "In Louisiana, French is not a foreign language". Slave traders would sometimes identify their slaves as Bambara in hopes of securing a higher price, as Bambara slaves were sometimes characterized as being more passive. Isle Brevelle, the area of land between Cane River and Bayou Brevelle, encompasses approximately 18,000 acres (73km2) of land, 16,000 acres of which are still owned by descendants of the original Creole families. READ SOMETHING ELSE. Evangeline Parish's French-speaking Senator, Eric LaFleur sponsored SR No. One will forget that he is a Negro to think that he is a man; the other will forget that he is a man to think that he is a Negro. Later 19th-century immigrants to Louisiana, such as Irish, Germans and Italians, also married into the Creole group. Blaise evolved from the Latin name blaesus, meaning lisping or stammering. Blacks and Black Creoles participate in two significant forms of public carnival celebration. Creoles and creolization of cultural elements set much of the regional tone for southern Louisiana. There, manual labor for agriculture was in greatest demand. The historical names that stand out are largely biblical such as Elijah, Isaac, Isaiah, Moses and Abraham, and names that seem to designate empowerment such as Prince, King and Freeman. Later European immigrants included Irish, Germans, and Italians. Theres Chris Brown, Jim Brown, and James Brown. Gray (English origin) means "grey". Childbearing is encouraged and families with an agrarian base are large by American standards. Indeed, more than half of the refugee population of Saint-Domingue settled in Louisiana. Identification. This late-1850s photograph by Jay Dearborn Edwards shows Canal Street, the rough dividing line between New Orleans's American and Creole communities. Historically, the Creole churches and parishes, especially those in rural areas and some poorer urban neighborhoods, have been viewed by the church as missionary districts. 11. Other holdings, particularly on the prairies, derive from nineteenth-century settlement claims. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. As more refugees were allowed in Louisiana, St. Dominican refugees who had first gone to Cuba also arrived. Some have Biblical sources, while others draw on faith and spirituality. European traders used Bambara as a term for defining vaguely a region of ethnic origin. The Cajuns are a distinct cultural group of people who have lived mainly in south-central and Southwestern Louisia, LOCATION: Haiti Further, the long-term interaction with and dominance of Cajun French, as well as the larger assimilative tendency of English, have made Creole closer to Cajun French. The king financed dowries for each girl. The local authorities of New France (governors, officers) did not have the human resources to establish French law and customs, and instead often compromised with the Indians. What is the most common last name in Trinidad? In rural areas also, carpentry is often a Creole occupation. Black (English origin) means 'dark.' Jacob Black is a fictional character in 'The Twilight Saga.' 15. Most versions contain smoked sausage, more commonly used instead of ham in modern versions. In the colonial period of French and Spanish rule, men tended to marry later after becoming financially established. New Orleans: Louisiana State Museum. There are around 624,252 people with this last name, a 7.1% increase from the previous decade. This list of cool last name ideas will help you find a unique surname for your novel, fantasy, gaming or online characters. However, some concessions were made to fleeing St. Dominican refugees, especially after the 1804 Haiti Massacre. They introduced having buttered French bread as a side to eating gumbo, as well as a side of German-style potato salad. Religious Beliefs. Creoles also hold an array of mainstream jobs, such as teaching, law enforcement, medicine, and so on. Many French colonists both admired and feared the military power of the Native Americans, though some governors from France scorned their culture and wanted to keep racial purity between the whites and Indians. Celebs You Didn't Know Were Biracial Watch The Video Below | The Historic New Orleans Collection", "UL Lafayette filmmaker Rabalais' "Finding Cajun" to air on LPB Wednesday", https://login.avoserv2.library.fordham.edu/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/bloomfood/jambalaya/0?institutionId=3205, "Language labels and language use among Cajuns and Creoles in Louisiana", "Tulane University School of Liberal Arts HOME", "Table 4. Cajun name generator . Every ten years, theres a U.S. Census and we can use this information to figure out just how many people have the same last name. Required fields are marked *, document.getElementById("comment").setAttribute( "id", "a4737202fbce3fcae9405a9d1e4da205" );document.getElementById("if75a4498f").setAttribute( "id", "comment" );Comment *, Careers Contact Us Privacy Policy CookiePolicy Win. Encyclopedia of American Food and Drink, "Louisiana Creole Dictionary", www.LouisianaCreoleDictionary.com Website. MARSHALL - The literal meaning of the name is 'horse-servant' and some 1,776 people in Barbados are part of this group. Today, jambalaya is commonly made with seafood (usually shrimp) or chicken, or a combination of shrimp and chicken. (February 22, 2023). Although many Creoles reject Cajun sociocultural dominance reflected in the naming of the Region, there is no doubt that Cajuns and rural Black Creoles (outside New Orleans) have interacted culturally to a great degree as evidenced in Cajun/Creole music, food, and language. Nowadays, the term 'Creole' has come to denote a person of mixed French ancestry so if your dog is classified as a mixed breed, you may want to pick a French-based handle or a name that focuses on the Big Easy for your four-legged buddy. Up. Zydeco (a transliteration in English of 'zaric' (snapbeans) from the song, "Les haricots sont pas sals"), was born in black Creole communities on the prairies of southwest Louisiana in the 1920s. Although Cajuns are often presented as being distinct from the Creoles, this distinction is not historically accurate and may be contested today; people of Cajun ancestry are often listed in historic documents as Creoles. In addition to the French Canadians, the amalgamated Creole culture in southern Louisiana includes influences from the Chitimacha, Houma and other native tribes, West Africans, Spanish-speaking Isleos (Canary Islanders) and French-speaking Gens de couleur from the Caribbean. Weeks after reasserting full control over the territory, Napoleon sold Louisiana to the United States in the wake of the defeat of his forces in Saint-Domingue, which Napoleon had been trying to regain control of Saint-Domingue following the St. Dominican Rebellion and subsequent Haitian Revolution. Furthermore, depending on the childs age, these conversations are best approached in different ways. This area reaches upwards to Pointe Coupee, St. Landry, Avoyelles and what became Evangeline Parish in 1910. The Bambara Empire depended on war-captives to replenish and increase its numbers; many of the people who called themselves Bambara were indeed not ethnic Bambara. In New Orleans, jazz has long been created and played by Creoles from Sidney Bechet to Jelly Roll Morton and the Marsalis family. Before its discovery by Christopher Columbus in 1493, the island was called Karukera ("island of beautifu, Culture Name Starting with aromatic seasonings, the French used onions and celery as in a traditional mirepoix, but lacked carrots, so they substituted green bell peppers. Depending upon which island in this twinisland state is being discussed, the culture name is "Trinidadian" or "Tobagonian." The "brown" version is associated with Cajun cooking and does not include tomatoes. It is one room wide and two or more rooms long. In Louisiana's Black Heritage, edited by Robert R. McDonald, John R. Kemp, and Edward E. Haas, 3-31. When it comes to famous names you might recognize, theres Miles Davis, Viola Davis, and Angela Davis. When it comes to last names, Smith is the most popular of last names among black people. We were constrained to abandon our possessions and our servants, who have shown us fidelity and attachment, which did not permit us at the last minute to hide from them our route and plans. Louisiana Creoles share cultural ties such as the traditional use of the French, Spanish, and Creole languages[note 1] and predominant practice of Catholicism. Remember me. The Indians bought European goods (fabric, alcohol, firearms, etc. New France wished to make Native Americans subjects of the king and good Christians, but the distance from Metropolitan France and the sparseness of French settlement prevented this. Still, in the first half of twentieth century, most of the people of Saint Bernard and Galveztown spoke the Spanish language with the Canarian Spanish dialect (the ancestors of these Creoles were from the Canary Islands) of the 18th century, but the government of Louisiana imposed the use of English in these communities, especially in the schools (e.g. Many of them ate native food such as wild rice and various meats, like bear and dog. Special focus is placed upon marraine and parrain (godmother/godfather) relationships characteristic of Mediterranean societies. With a population of over 600,000, Boston has plenty to offer to young professionals, singles, and families. The Louisiana Creole language is widely associated with this parish; the local mainland French and Creole (i.e., locally born) plantation owners and their African slaves formed it as communication language, which became the primary language for many Pointe Coupee residents well into the 20th century. The word invites debate because it possesses several meanings, some of which concern the innately sensitive subjects of race and ethnicity. [CDATA[ The earliest known documented use of the surname Blaise is from 1459 when Robert de Blay (an earlier spelling) was recorded as the Magistrate of Toulouse. A true Louisianian will run it all together: Howsyamommaanem? Other parishes so recognized include Avoyelles, St. Landry Parish and Pointe Coupee Parishes. Louisianians don't ask "How are you?" they say "How's ya' momma an em?". Notable Afro-Surinamese people [ edit] Andwl Slory Belfon Aboikoni, Maroon leader Alice Amafo, politician Boni, freedom fighter Remy Bonjasky, kickboxer Darl Douglas Dsi Bouterse, politician Diego Biseswar Dwight Tiendalli Edson Braafheid, football player Ian Maatsen Jayden Oosterwolde Ronnie Brunswijk, politician and rebel leader Creole Neighborhoods are centered around involvement in social clubs and benevolent societies as well as Catholic churches and schools. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/black-creoles-louisiana. Sybil Kein suggests that, because of the white Creoles struggle for redefinition, they were particularly hostile to the exploration by the writer George Washington Cable of the multi-racial Creole society in his stories and novels. To a large exte, Culture Name When women do work outside the home, roles as teachers, nurses, and professional support services dominate. [3] An estimated 7,000 European immigrants settled in Louisiana during the 18th century, one percent of the number of European colonists in the Thirteen Colonies along the Atlantic coast. Industrial Arts. One is the Zulu parade, which involves middle- and upper-middle-class participants parodying the White carnival and stereotypes of Blacks by painting their own faces black, wearing wooly wigs and grass skirts, and carrying spears while throwing coconuts to the crowds. Beginning in 1719, thousands of West African slaves were brought to Mobile and other Gulf Coast settlements to work on newly developing indigo, sugarcane, tobacco, and rice plantations. [51] The effort to impose Anglo-American binary racial classification on Creoles continued, however. Because of isolation, the language in the colony developed differently from that in France. Subsistence and Commercial Activities . Brian J. Costello, an 11th generation Pointe Coupee Parish Creole, is the premiere historian, author and archivist on Pointe Coupee's Creole population, language, social and material culture. Orientation Known for its lovely desert setting, Carson City is also a quick drive to Lake Tahoe, which offers beaches, hiking, and, Read More 5 Top Carson City Neighborhoods For Black Families, Singles & Young ProfessionalsContinue. ", "Creole People in America, a brief history", "Primer on Francophone Louisiana: more than Cajun", "German Settlers in Louisiana and New Orleans", "Louisiana: most African diversity within the United States? The parades in New Orleans are organized by Carnival krewes. Creole names are also not necessarily French. Major krewes follow the same parade schedule and route each year. Balcom (Old English origin) means 'evil, calamity.' 16. [citation needed] After arriving in numbers, German immigrants dominated New Orleans city bakeries, including those making traditional French bread. Red beans and rice is a dish of Louisiana and Caribbean influence, originating in New Orleans. Another historic area to Louisiana is Pointe Coupee, an area northwest of Baton Rouge. In New Orleans, Creoles have tended to remain strongly affiliated with neighborhoods such as the Treme area near the French Quarter as well as in the Gentilly area. Virginia had the highest population of Creole families in 1880. Later came Guinean, Yoruba, Igbo, and Angolan Peoples. Esprit, Fredieu, Fuselier, Gallien, Goudeau, Gravs, Guillory, Hebert, Honor, Hughes, LaCaze, LaCour, Lambre', Landry, Laurent, LBon, Lefls, Lemelle, LeRoux, Le Vasseur, Llorens, Maths, Mathis, Mtoyer, Mezire, Monette, Moran, Mullone, Pantallion, Papillion, Porche, PrudHomme, Rachal, Ray, Reynaud, Roque, Sarpy, Sers, Severin, Simien, St. Romain, St. Ville, Sylvie, Sylvan, Tournoir, Tyler, Vachon, Vallot, Vercher and Versher. Over time, many of these groups assimilated into the dominant francophone Creole culture, often adopting the French language and customs. Identification. Other common Brazilian last names and their meanings. Louisiana's development and growth was rapid after its admission as a member state of the American Union. Much is made of the distinction between individuals who choose the street and club life over home and church life. She believes that in The Grandissimes, Cable exposed white Creoles' preoccupation with covering up blood connections with Creoles of color. Domnguez, Virginia R. (1986). Whether white or black, these francophone Catholics had a culture that contrasted with the Anglo-Protestant culture of the new American settlersand their slavesfrom the Upper South and the North. [23][24] Further confusing the name's indication of ethnic, linguistic, religious, or other implications, the concurrent Bambara Empire had notoriety for its practice of slave-capturing wherein Bambara soldiers would raid neighbors and capture the young men of other ethnic groups, forcibly assimilate them, and turn them into slave soldiers known as Ton. LANGUAGE: Haitian Creole; French In the early 19th century, floods of St. Dominican refugees fled from Saint-Domingue and poured into New Orleans, nearly tripling the city's population. [24], Africans contributed to the creolization of Louisiana society. Europeans also brought the Eurasian diseases of malaria and cholera, which flourished along with mosquitoes and poor sanitation. Death and Afterlife. White by Definition: Social Classification in Creole Louisiana. On many plantations, free people of color and whites toiled side-by-side with slaves. You can probably name a ton of people with the last name Williams. This parish is known to be uniquely Creole; today a large portion of the nearly 22,000 residents can trace Creole ancestry. Those householders giving charit then are invited to a communal supper. Attacks by Native Americans represented a real threat to the groups of isolated colonists. "Zydeco and Mardi Gras: Creole Performance Genres and Identity in Rural French Louisiana." Families clean, paint, and decorate the vaulted white, above-ground tombs that characterize the region. Choose the best name for your child. Louisiana Creole Last Names. Most of the women quickly found husbands among the male residents of the colony. 47. January 24, 2022. [3][4][5] The word is not a racial label and does not imply mixed racial originspeople of any race can and have identified as Louisiana Creoles. On est plus que a", "What's the difference between Cajun and Creoleor is there one? Today, most Creoles are found in the Greater New Orleans region or in Acadiana. Being a French, and later Spanish colony, Louisiana maintained a three-tiered society that was very similar to other Latin American and Caribbean countries, with the three tiers: aristocracy, bourgeoisie, and peasantry. Name. Orientation Blanc Jazz conjoins European melodies and performance occasions (cotillion, ball, military parade) with African sensibilities of rhythm, ritual/festival performance (originally slave gatherings in public squares), and style. [13] Under John Law and the Compagnie du Mississippi, efforts to increase the use of engags in the colony were made, notably including German settlers whose contracts were absolved when the company went bankrupt in 1731. Louisiana Spanish form of Laurentinus. Between 1723 and 1769, most slaves imported to Louisiana were from modern day Senegal, Mali and Congo. If a substantial proportion of Creoles of color and slaves had not also spoken French, however, the Gallic community would have become a minority of the total population as early as 1820. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. This formative group for Black Creoles was called gens libres de couleur in antebellum times. The term Black Creole refers to freed slaves from Haiti and their descendants. The U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896 supported the binary society and the policy of "separate but equal" facilities (which were seldom achieved in fact) in the segregated South.
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